Unde… [13] [9], Our very first achievement was the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by King Menes somewhere between 3100 BCE and 2900 BCE. Terms & Conditions  | Later ancient Egyptians considered the literature from this time as "classic". [6] [9] His "step" pyramid at Saqqara started the Egyptian tradition of constructing pyramids as burial places for pharaohs. [24] Reign of the Warrior-King Senusret III, the most powerful ruler of the Middle Kingdom. Ancient Egyptians were ruled by religion every day, always fearful of the Gods and death. It took a little time, but through wise governing, common laws, and new religious practices, the Two Lands became one Egypt under one pharaoh, or supreme ruler, namely, King Menes, who established the first Egyptian dynasty. [13] The later Middle Kingdom work Prophecy of Neferty enlarges on this idea by claiming to have been written before Amenemhat I's reign and "predicting" a king who will "come from the south, Ameny, the justified, by name" who will rule a united Egypt and smite his enemies. [27] Describe some of the achievements of the Middle Kingdom of ancient Egypt. During the Middle Kingdom (mid-Dynasty 11–Dynasty 13, around 2030–1650 B.C. 200. [10] [22] The later Egyptian temples look very similar to early Greek temples; and it has been suggested that the Ancient Greeks got the very idea of monumental building in stone from the Egyptians. One of the cultural achievements of the Egyptians was their writing system: hieroglyphics, a pictographic language used primarily for religious purposes. ), and the New Kingdom (about 1,550-1,100 B.C.E.). [1] The middle kingdom Egypt a.k.a the golden age was also the witness to many improvements and achievement in science and architecture during the 12th dynasty because of Mentuhotep the second who unified Egypt once again just like Menes and ushered the middle kingdom. [13] [7] By the end of the Old Kingdom, five centuries of these feudal practices had slowly eroded the economic power of the pharaoh, who could no longer afford to support a large centralized administration. [19] Gravity. A noticeable difference between the Old and Middle Kingdom was that of the view of the Pharaohs. Old Kingdom was the most peaceful period in Egyptian history: separated by the Sinai desert from another center of civilization, Mesopotamia, and isolated by the great deserts in Africa, the Egyptian leisurely class (those who did not work on the farm, primarily the upper class) enjoyed the luxury of contemplation of the afterlife. [22] [7] [15], During the sixth dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.E. [1] The tenth dynasty ruled Lower Egypt in the North and the eleventh one ruled southern Egypt. Some may regard the civilization of Egypt under the Ptolemies as being more Greek than Egyptian, but the older civilization was still vital enough for the kings to feel the need to present themselves to their subjects in the traditional style of the pharaohs. achievements Of Middle Kingdom Egypt. [12] During this time, the Middle Nile was under control by the Kerma Kingdom and in order to obtain goods from Punt, the Egyptians had to make a new sea route to reach their destination. [15] [22] [5], For the first time in Ancient Egyptian history, writing was used for entertainment including writing stories and recording religious philosophy. ), the Middle Kingdom (about 2050B.C.-1800B.C. The Middle Kingdom Egypt has a great history that witnessed many achievements from culture, civilization, buildings, and more explore it now! From these digressions, it is evident that the Middle Kingdom was a time where the centralized power in Egypt was weakened. [11] The Middle Kingdom was a period of Egyptian history spanning the Eleventh through Twelfth Dynasty (2000-1700 BCE), when centralized power consolidated a unified Egypt. [20] [1] The Egyptians regarded the Pharaoh as a god, and their supreme god was called the Ra. [1] [1] [11] ), the Middle Kingdom (2,050-1,800 B.C.E. The Middle Kingdom rose following the First Intermediate Period (2181-2040 BCE), a time when the central government was diminished almost to the point of non-existence and the regional administrators ( nomarchs ) governed their districts ( nomes ) directly until two kingdoms developed - Herakleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt - out of minor provincial cities and challenged each other for supreme rule of the country. [9] The medieval Arabs wrote about Egyptian civilization, and the modern European fascination with Egypt was fuelled by Napoleon’s conquest of the country in 1798. [27] [1], Throughout the Old and Middle Kingdoms Egyptian society was organized along hierarchical lines with the god-king at the top. [27] This was later changed to Uniter of the Two Lands. [9] [13], Senusret III (also written as Senwosret III or Sesostris III) ruled from 1878-1839 BCE and was the fifth monarch of the Twelfth Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom. Even though the Middle Kingdom may not have the grand pyramids of Egypt's past or the power which lay in the future, the contributions made by this era contributed enormously to the definition of Egyptian culture as it is recognized in the present day. Other new objects were introduced toward the end of the Middle Kingdom as well, including the first shabtis (also known as ushabtis) and the first scarabs. Notable Middle Kingdom pharaohs included Intef I and Mentuhotep II from Egypt’s 11th Dynasty and the 12th Dynasty’s Sesostris I and Amehemhet III and IV. [29], Towards the end of Ancient Egyptian civilization that is around 500 BC a new form of writing emerged called the Demotic. [22] The Middle … Prior to the 12th Dynasty, the Egyptian army was made up of conscripts raised by the nomarchs and sent to the king. New Kingdom. [6] [9], Egypt: History -- Pharaonic Dynasties When Pharaoh Nectanebo II retreated to Memphis to avoid death at the hands of oncoming Persian invaders in 343 B.C.E., his defeat ended over 2,500 years of Egyptian self-rule. The New Kingdom was followed by a period called the Late New Kingdom, which lasted to about 343 B.C.E. Flashcards. ). [3], The advances in literature, agricultural methods, and social equality show the progression of the Egyptians as a culture. [13] [15], One characteristic of ancient civilizations, including the Egyptian one, was language. The Old Kingdom is most notable for the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids, most specifically the Pyramids of Giza. An oasis is a fresh water source in a desert. It turns out that they, as well as many other achievements, were made during the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Coffin Texts evolved from the previous Pyramid texts of the Old Kingdom, expanding and introducing spells that were more relatable to nobles and non-royal Egyptians. A newfound respect for antiquities and excavations in the early modern period led to the scientific investigation of Egyptian civilization and a greater appreciation of its cultural legacy, for Egypt and the world. [9] As early as the Naqada I Period, predynastic Egyptians imported obsidian from Ethiopia, used to shape blades and other objects from flakes. His mortuary complex in Thebes contained some of the earliest known depictions of Amon-Re, the dynastic god of the Middle Kingdom and the New Kingdom. They were armed with staffs and used dogs. Middle Kingdom literature featured sophisticated themes and characters written in a confident, eloquent style, and the relief and portrait sculpture of the period captured subtle, individual details that reached new heights of technical perfection. The Egyptians believed Pharaoh was a _____. Ancient Egyptian cities which flourished during the Dynastic periods were located close to the Nile River, the life source of the region. [14] [4] [1] The New Kingdom pharaohs established a period of unprecedented prosperity by securing their borders and strengthening diplomatic ties with their neighbors. The Second Intermediate Period, during which the Hyksos ruled Egypt, may not have been the chaos it is presented as but still could not approach the heights of the Middle Kingdom. [14] He was a strong leader who ruled a stable and unified Egypt. [17] [10] [6] Filed under: Ancient History by visitegyptstore — Leave a comment. Egypt. [1], Later, many pharaohs of the New Kingdom would also be buried nearby at the Valley of the Kings. [1] [13] The construction of pyramids was in fact restricted to the earlier days of Egyptian civilization. In contrast to elitist Old Kingdom attitudes towards the gods, the Middle Kingdom experienced an increase in expressions of personal piety and what could be called a democratization of the afterlife, in which all people possessed a soul and could be welcomed into the company of the gods after death. The two kingdoms of Egypt were first unified around 3100 BC. [29] Instead of building pyramids as Egyptians did in the Old Kingdom, when pharaohs died they were placed and buried in hidden tombs. The Pyramids of the Middle KingdomRevival of Old Kingdom Traditions.Amenemhet I (c. 1938–1909 b.c.e.) 1630 bce) and the Second Intermediate period (c. 1630–1540 bce): Mentuhotep II campaigned in Lower Nubia, where he may have been preceded by the Inyotefs. This was so they owned more land south of … Afterwards, get Trade Routes up and ru… It lasted from 1975 BC to 1640 BC. He inherited a realm that had already spent some 60 years in intermittent warfare with the Heracleopolitan kingdom, which ruled Middle and Lower Egypt, as each state sought to control the whole country. This lesson goes over the developments in engineering, architecture, and art achieved during the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Egyptian society was led by a king, referred to as pharaoh (big house). Tradition accorded Mentuhotep II an honoured place with Egypt’s other unifiers, the founders of the 1st ( c. 2925- c. 2775 bce ) and 18th dynasties. His general, Ptolemy, on becoming independent ruler of the country in 305 BCE, was also crowned pharaoh, and his line lasted down to the famous queen, Cleopatra, who died in 31 BCE. By the year 1300 BC, Egyptians managed to develop two algebraic equations. During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians outside of the elite levels of society gained access to this funerary literature and began incorporating it into their own burials. Egypt may have influenced Hebrew writing, while Egyptian understanding of the role of the King as mediator between heaven and earth may have informed the Hebrew's understanding of society as subject to divine law. [2] The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period.The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2050 to 1710 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. Middle Kingdom of Egypt - Ancient History Encyclopedia, The Middle Kingdom | Boundless Art History, What are some achievements of the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, Human Legacy Course/The Kingdom of Egypt - Wikiversity, Ancient Egypt was located in the Nile Valley, famous for Great Pyramids, The 3 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt: Old, Middle And New, 12 Incredible Ancient Egyptian Inventions You Should Know About, Egyptian Achievements: Unification, Pyramids, Hieroglyphics & Calendar - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com, Middle Kingdom Advancements | Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, Old Kingdom Egypt: Developments & Achievements | Study.com, Achievements and Weaknesses of the Middle Kingdom and. Egyptian Dynasties Middle Kingdom 2055 – 1650 BC Eleventh Dynasty 2125 – 1985 BC The Middle Kingdom begins with the reunification of the country under Mentuhotep I who ousted the kings of Herakleopolis.He assumed the Horus name Divine of the White Crown, implicitly claiming all of Upper Egypt. [7] The history of ancient Egypt proper starts with Egypt as a unified state, which occurred sometime around 3000 B.C.E., though archaeological evidence indicates a developed Egyptian society may have existed for a much longer period. The most commonly accepted dates for the Middle Kingdom, then, are 2040-1782 BCE, which include the latter part of the 11th Dynasty through the middle of the 13th Dynasty. [22] [7] The reunification of the country took place under Mentuhetep II. Learn about how the Egyptian dynasties are organized chronologically by historians, and read about the highlights of that epoch. The Old Kingdom of Egyptexisted around the years of 2680 to 2180 BCE, and included the end of the 3rd Dynasty through the 6th. In 332 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Egypt with little resistance from the Persians and was welcomed by the Egyptians as a deliverer. [6], It was a leading Middle Eastern power in the period of 612 onwards. - Theban Mapping Project, Egypt's Golden Empire . [6] [29] [11] The Egyptians were very interested in the stars and constellations and they gave much care for that exciting science. Hunting would have been common for Egyptians and this is also the period during which many animals would have been first domesticated. [27] Tutankhamun may be the most famous of Egypt's pharaohs because of the discovery of his untouched tomb in 1922. Write. Egyptian cuisine remained remarkably stable over time, as evidenced by analysis of the hair of ancient Egyptian mummies from the Late Middle Kingdom. [10] Some may regard the civilization of Egypt under the Ptolemies as being more Greek than Egyptian, but the older civilization was still vital enough for the kings to feel the need to present themselves to their subjects in the traditional style of the pharaohs. Research numerous resources on the world history topics! [2] After the end of the Old Kingdom of Egypt, there has been a fight between the tenth & the eleventh dynasties. Beginning in about 4,000 B.C.E., all of Egyptian society existed in two kingdoms, Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. [22] [5], Another instance is the lack of control that the Egyptians held over the Nile Delta, which was slowly taken over by the Hyksos through immigration. [5] Art, literature, and architecture flourished under his rein. [12], In about 2055 BC, a new dynasty rose to power and began the Middle Kingdom. He also restored Egyptian hegemony over the Sinai region, which had been lost to Egypt since the end of the Old Kingdom. The New Kingdom was followed by a period called the Late New Kingdom, which lasted to about 343 B.C.E. He and his ancestors choose “Thebes” to become the capital an… Many philosophical works were also created at this time, including the Dispute between a man and his Ba where an unhappy man converses with his soul, The Satire of the Trades in which the role of the scribe is praised above all other jobs, and the magic tales supposedly told to the Old Kingdom pharaoh Khufu in the Westcar Papyrus. The many achievements of the ancient Egyptians include the quarrying, surveying and construction techniques that facilitated the building of monumental pyramids, temples, and obelisks; a system of mathematics, a practical and effective system of medicine, irrigation systems and agricultural production techniques, the first known ships, Egyptian faience and glass technology, new forms of literature, and the earliest known peace treaty. ... Middle Kingdom. [9] The reunification of ancient Egypt achieved by Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II—the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom—was followed by a great cultural flowering that lasted nearly 400 years. Mentuhotep built temples at numerous Upper Egyptian sites, but little survives of them. The ancient Egyptians themselves used no such names for their eras in history. Egypt was divided into three waret, or administrative divisions: North, South, and Head of the South (perhaps Lower Egypt, most of Upper Egypt, and the nomes of the original Theban kingdom during the war with Herakleopolis, respectively). Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt. Under her rule Egyptian art and architecture flourished and she was best known for encouraging trade. [14] [13] They are, after all, two of the most iconic structures in Egypt's history. [13] His general, Ptolemy, on becoming independent ruler of the country in 305 BCE, was also crowned pharaoh, and his line lasted down to the famous queen, Cleopatra, who died in 31 BCE. Ancient Egyptian Chronology: Dynasties 1-30 Discussion of all 30 dynasties is divided into several pages, complete with wonderful images of sculpture and hieroglyphic art created during each period. [12], After the collapse of the Old Kingdom following the 6th Dynasty, there was no strong central government in Egypt. Almost all the pharaohs of the Old Kingdom (c2686-2125 BC) and Middle Kingdom (c2055-1650 BC) built pyramid-tombs in Egypt’s northern deserts. [15], The New Kingdom of ancient Egypt was a golden age of architecture and art. [1] [21] Later Egyptians recognized his reign as the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. [24], The term Demotic in the context of Egypt, that is, "indigenous" from a Hellenistic point of view, came to refer to both the script and the language that followed the Late Ancient Egyptian stage from the Nubian 25th dynasty until its marginalization by the Greek Koine in the early centuries C.E. At the end of the Middle Kingdom (1650 BCE), Lower Egypt fellunder the control of the Hyksos, and Upper Egypt (particularlyNubia) was in disarray. [11], His name was Hellenized by later Greek historians as Sesostris, a name which was then given to a conflation of Senusret and several New Kingdom warrior pharaohs. 3��;�(�9���W�ކ��cc�0F-���i w��k V�H��w�nmwD��ԯT?���F��:��+w. The pyramids of the Middle Kingdom weren’t as well-constructed as those in the Old Kingdom, unfortunately, there aren’t many Middle Kingdom pyramids that have survived. [15] Why or why not? Archaeologists divide the ancient Egyptian timeline into three distinct categories, the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom. By the time of the Middle Kingdom (circa 2050 - 1800 BC), the overlapping system of employing soldiers (or ex-soldiers) as guards were relegated in favor of raising a full-time professional police force. Circa 1550 B.C.E. [15] [3] Art & Architecture | PBS, Egyptian Achievements and Contributions Astronomers medical practitioners modern mathematics, Chapter 2 Ancient Egypt Flashcards | Quizlet. [12] 200. The empire also brought about a surge of interest in Egyptology in the 1920’s when King Tut’s tomb, buried during the New Kingdom’s time period, was discovered by a British archaeologist. The Egyptian Astronomers suggested adding one day every four years to the calendar. During the Old Kingdom, the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx were constructed due to a long-standing peaceful period. [13] Senusret III's campaigns and military success assured the Egyptians of safety, but the number of these objects found during this period indicates that, as Egypt grew more secure and wealthy, the people grew more fearful of loss. [27], Egypt was a leading Middle Eastern power again between 612 and 525 BCE, and the Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great felt the need to have himself crowned as pharaoh in 332 BCE which suggests that the civilization of the pharaohs still had life in it. It is known that some oral poetry was preserved in later writing; for example, litter-bearers' songs were preserved as written verses in tomb inscriptions of the Old Kingdom. [5] By circa 1500 BC, Egyptian artisans created the very first multi-colored glass ingots and vessels that sometimes replicated carvings made of semi-precious stones. [12] [9] [24] [1], Lisht was close by the old capital of Herakleopolis and near to the fertile area of the Fayyum, and so placing the court of the king there would signal that this dynasty was not just Theban but open to all Egyptians. The Sphinx has Culture and Faith bonuses, which may apply to Religious Victory. [28] Architectural achievements in ancient Egypt were built of stone. [18] Egyptian History: Dynasties This useful timeline lists the dynasties and their pharaohs and provides links to additional information. [27] Trading, arts and literature all flourished in the Middle Kingdom. There were still nomarchs in the Middle Kingdom, but they were no longer independent and lost power over the period. Despite these improved defenses, the Middle Kingdom fell to invaders around 1650 BC. [18] Grand tombs in the form of pyramids continued to be built throughout the Middle Kingdom, along with villages, cities, and forts. [20], The first Kingdom of Kush developed around the settlement ofKerma (just above the third cataract on the Nile, in Upper Nubia).Although the Kingdom of Kush existed during the ancient EgyptianOld and Middle Kingdoms (2686 to 1650 BCE), Kerma reached itszenith during Egypt's Second Intermediate Period (1650 to 1500BCE). [3] Arguably, however, the successor to Egyptian civilization was humanity itself, since Egypt bequeathed many ideas and concepts to the world in addition to mathematical and astronomological knowledge. [14] During this time all of Egypt was united under a single government and Pharaoh. [7], The Prophecy of Neferty dates to about this time, which purports to be an oracle of an Old Kingdom priest, who predicts a king, Amenemhet I, arising from the far south of Egypt to restore the kingdom after centuries of chaos. [22] [9], Mentuhotep III was succeeded by Mentuhotep IV, whose name significantly is omitted from all ancient Egyptian king lists. The pyramids built by Djoser, Khufu, and their descendants are the most memorable symbols of ancient Egyptian civilization, and the power of the pharaohs that controlled it. and Senwosret I (c. 1919–1875 b.c.e. The New Kingdom pharaohs began a large-scale building campaign to promote the god Amun, whose growing cult was based in Karnak. Egyptian Civilization The Egyptians used measurements from the stars to align their pyramids accurately. From the Middle Kingdom, constellations were often depicted on coffins as star clocks, showing the length of time stars were visible or invisible. [1] [11], They are joined by dozens of large and small obelisks, which are pointed stone pillars built to commemorate the great deeds of the pharaohs, worship the sun god Ra, and provide magical protection and stability for Egypt's tombs, temples, and kingdom. Raiders from Syria whom the Egyptians called the Hyksos invaded the Nile Delta and conquered Lower Egypt. [1] The Old Kingdom (2700 BCE-2200 BCE): At that time, Pharaohs had enjoyed the absolute power and they were considered as the representatives of the God on the earth. Reign of Mentuhotep II in Egypt, founder of the Middle Kingdom era. [12] The Middle Kingdom (2100 BCE-1800 BCE): Egypt strengthened its army base to protect herself from the enemies. Sculptors created large wall carvings and statues of the pharaohs. [1], In simplistic terms we can point to the pyramids as the Old Kingdom's defining characteristic and at the empire for the New Kingdom ; no comparable single feature describes the Middle Kingdom. The Middle Kingdom is considered now to be a classic period of culture, literature, and language. In this lesson, we will discuss some of the major achievements of ancient Egypt, including its unification by King Menes, the pyramids, hieroglyphics, and the Egyptian calendar. [6] It would continue to be a mainstay of Egyptian art for 2,000 years. Under the pharaoh was the vizier, his chief minister, although there may have been 2 at times. Say 'Egypt' and many people will think of the Sphinx and the Great Pyramid right away. [13] He inherited a realm that had already spent some 60 years in intermittent warfare with the Heracleopolitan kingdom, which ruled Middle and Lower Egypt, as each state sought to control the whole country. The "Middle Kingdom" is a period of time during the history of Ancient Egypt. The Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) is considered ancient Egypt's Classical Age during which the culture produced some of its greatest works of art and literature. For instance, the Middle Kingdom pharaohs also built pyramids, yet both the workmanship and the scale of these pyramids was dramatically less extravagant than in previous times. During the Middle Kingdom Egypt began to conquer and control lands outside _____. [23] [7] Neither rich nor poor citizens were above the law and punishments ranged from confiscation of property, beating and mutilation (including the cutting off of ears and noses) to death without a proper burial. [1] [1], The achievements of the period, especially of the 12th Dynasty, are undeniable and would continue to elevate the culture of ancient Egypt for the rest of its history. Parkinson and Morenz also speculate that written works of the Middle Kingdom were transcriptions of the oral literature of the Old Kingdom. [7] [1], While both the modern term 'Middle Kingdom' and the ancient presentation of may suggest that this period parallels the Old and New Kingdoms, in many respects it is more difficult to define the Middle Kingdom than those other periods. A kneeling statue of Sobekhotep V, one of the pharaohs from the declining years of the Middle Kingdom. [1] [13], The pharaoh was the ruler of these two kingdoms and headed the ancient Egyptian state structure. In the Old Kingdom the pharaoh had been viewed as an inaccessible god-king, while now he was shown as the "shepherd of his people" charged with the task of building public works and producing for the welfare of Egyptians. He also built and repared many temples, shrines, and religious monuments. [9] (Intermediate kingdoms -- those without strong ruling families -- filled the gaps of time in between the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms.). The people of the New Kingdom of Egypt made many astronomical achievements that brought us to where we are today, and developed a calendar using their knowledge about the solar system. His accomplishments are important aspects of Ancient Egyptian history as he brought Egyptian culture to a high that rivaled that of the Old Kingdom. The pharaohs who followed Menes worked hard to strengthen their rule over that united kingdom and increase their personal prestige. [22] Although the Middle Kingdom was a stable time of great prosperity, one still finds evidence of uncertainty in the literature and other inscriptions of the period. [9] [15] Historians have found evidence that Egyptians of the Middle Kingdom traded with the Nubians, who lived south of Egypt, the Phoenicians, the Minoans of Greece, and other peoples. Pyramids actually started being constructed before the Old Kingdom as Pharaoh Djoser began the practice of constructing step pyramids, which were a sort of rough, proto-pyramid structure. The literature and art of the Middle Kingdom are unlike any that came before it and influenced everything which followed after. The Middle Kingdom started when Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II reunified Upper and Lower Egypt, paving the way for a second Renaissance of Egyptian art. More Egyptians were able to write and read with the establishment of the first school during the 12th dynasty. Learning Objectives. The Middle Kingdom was the second peak period of the Ancient Egyptian civilization (the other two being the Old Kingdom and the New Kingdom). There were three kingdoms, as well as three intermediate periods in ancient Egypt. [21] [9] The Middle Kingdom is remembered as a time of flourishing arts, particularly in jewelry making. [22], Middle Kingdom :Egypt in the Twelfth and Thirteenth dynasties, between 2055 BC and 1650 BC. [15], Despite the diminishing power of the pharaoh, the people of the Middle Kingdom were able to continue on with their lives as usual, and when the last pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty died, the people of Egypt carried on into the future, leaving behind one of the greatest periods of Egyptian History. [17] [7] [29] During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt expanded and fortified its borders, as it was a force to be reckoned with. Many Egyptians also did not like the pharaoh discrediting their gods. Between the kingdoms, the time periods were known as Intermediate Periods. 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Organized along hierarchical lines with the establishment of the Middle Kingdom the history of ancient Egypt is into...